Frente a la represión que el Estado chileno ha ejercido sobre la legítima protesta social, nos oponemos a la implementación de tecnologías de vigilancia masiva y reconocimiento facial en el espacio público. Está demostrado que estas tecnologías no nos protegen: su implementación nos vulnera y entrega al Estado capacidades que menoscaban nuestros derechos.
Mientras que en mayo del año pasado la ciudad de San Francisco (cuna de este tipo de tecnologías) prohibió la utilización de tecnología de reconocimiento facial en espacios públicos, la Unión Europea pondera seguir este camino o al menos implementar una moratoria de cinco años a la utilización de estos mecanismos en espacios públicos; en Chile se ha anunciado por Mercado Público una licitación para la compra de equipamientos para un “Sistema de Teleprotección Nacional” por más de 14 mil millones de pesos que incluye tecnología de reconocimiento facial. Este sistema forma parte del programa “Calle Segura”, la iniciativa más ambiciosa para aumentar de capacidad de vigilancia del Estado desde la vuelta a la democracia.
En el contexto de protesta social en el que el país se encuentra sumido desde octubre del año pasado y ad portas de un proceso constituyente, donde las necesidades de expresarse públicamente y manifestarse pacíficamente mantendrán movilizada a parte importante de la población: ¿Qué podría salir mal?
Las razones que han llevado a la prohibición o moratoria de uso del reconocimiento facial en espacios públicos son claras y compartidas: este tipo de tecnologías entregan al poder político una capacidad ilimitada, desproporcionada e injustificada para identificar, perfilar y vigilar a sus ciudadanas; aún cuando la ejecución de estas actividades es incompatible con el Estado democrático de Derecho.
La paradoja del reconocimiento facial
Una de las principales críticas a las tecnologías de reconocimiento facial es su tasa de falsos positivos, es decir, el porcentaje de veces que el sistema reconoce de forma equivocada al afectado. La policía londinense reportó que un sistema de estas características identificó erróneamente a los individuos en un 92% de los casos, en Nueva York se obtuvo un 80% de falsos positivos y en nuestro país, el sistema del Mall Plaza resultó en un 90% de casos erróneos ¿Existe alguna otra industria que pueda mantenerse lucrativa con esos resultados?
Más allá de su efectividad -y la cuestionable justificación económica de esa inversión por el Estado, frente a las múltiples demandas sociales que requieren urgente atención- lo que resulta realmente espeluznante del reconocimiento facial, para aquellos que amamos y defendemos la libertad, es que estamos ante una tecnología que entrega una capacidad completamente desproporcionada al Estado y le permite ampliar su poder político para identificar a sus ciudadanas en el espacio público, un verdadero estado policial de control que trata a las personas como permanentes sospechosas. Este es el Estado del que nos habló Orwell en 1984.
Hoy estamos, entonces, ante una paradoja. El reconocimiento facial es una mala inversión para los recursos del Estado porque no sirve -ya se ha demostrado que es incapaz de entregar el resultado que promete- y el precio lo pagarán con sus derechos y libertades aquellos erróneamente identificados por el sistema. Aún si fuese capaz de alcanzar su objetivo, las consecuencias en el ejercicio de los derechos de las personas serían irreversiblemente más graves; es por esto que la implementación de este tipo de tecnologías resulta incompatible con un Estado de Derecho.
En el peor de los momentos
El anuncio de este sistema de vigilancia masiva ocurre en un momento particular, a la mitad de la revuelta social y política más importante que ha vivido Chile en los últimos 30 años. En un escenario en donde al menos tres organismos internacionales han constatado la existencia de gravísimas y generalizadas violaciones a los derechos humanos de la población.
La implementación de este sistema de vigilancia masiva se produce, entonces, en un contexto en el que se constata una progresiva criminalización al legítimo derecho de la población a la protesta social. El sistema propuesto entrega una herramienta tecnológica adicional para acrecentar la capacidad de control del Estado sobre la expresión y la manifestación, como un ejercicio de poder sin contrapesos ni obligación de rendición de cuentas en su uso. Si previo al estallido social vivimos situaciones como la Operación Huracán o la vigilancia policial revelada por el Paco Leaks ¿qué garantiza que un sistema de vigilancia masivo con reconocimiento facial no será utilizado para perfilar a dirigentes sociales, perseguir a activistas, medios independientes u hostigar a oponentes políticos?
Las bases de licitación son claras en entregar al sistema la mayor discrecionalidad y arbitrariedad posible, describiendo las cámaras como un mecanismo legítimo incluso para perseguir “incivilidades”. En otras palabras, se proponen como una solución para perseguir conductas que van desde cometer delitos hasta botar papeles en la calle, contraviniendo uno de los principios básicos de la disciplina jurídica de protección de datos personales: el principio de proporcionalidad.
Las bases de licitación son además ambiciosas, pero poco precisas. Se establece que el sistema de vigilancia tiene que ser capaz de reconocer rasgos faciales, patrones de comportamiento y contar con algoritmos de aprendizaje de máquinas (machine learning); sin embargo, no establece definición alguna de qué parámetros técnicos deberán cumplir ni provee información acerca de los datos que serán usados para su entrenamiento. Tampoco hay mención a cualquier mecanismo de control o resguardo de los derechos de las personas sujetas a este sistema de vigilancia masiva.
La pretensión del gobierno por generar mecanismos de vigilancia masivos en espacios públicos se basa en una premisa errada que nuestros tribunales superiores de justicia han sido claros en descartar: que “no existe” la privacidad en el espacio público. Claro que las personas no gozan del mismo nivel de privacidad en la calle que en la sala de estar de sus casas, pero eso no quiere decir que uno renuncie totalmente a la privacidad al cruzar el umbral de la puerta.
Y es que la privacidad y el anonimato son además condiciones necesarias para el ejercicio de otros derechos fundamentales, como la libertad de expresión, el derecho a reunión, petición, la libertad de culto y la no discriminación. De esta forma la implementación de sistemas de vigilancia masiva genera un efecto inhibidor donde, por miedo a represalias ulteriores, las personas podrían sentirse presionadas a no ejercer sus derechos o ejercerlos de forma limitada.
¿Podrán los chilenos seguir manifestándose con tranquilidad y libertad sabiendo que sus rostros están siendo identificados y que cada uno de sus patrones de comportamiento están siendo analizados por el mismo gobierno que los reprime? La respuesta es obvia.
Llamado a la acción
Desde Anonymous Chile nos oponemos a la implementación de este sistema de vigilancia incompatible con el Estado democrático de Derecho, que vulnera los derechos fundamentales de la población.
La Subsecretaría de Prevención del Delito debe rendir cuenta a las chilenas de su actuar, y es por eso que tal como lo hemos hecho nosotros, invitamos a todos nuestros lectores a utilizar el mecanismo de acceso a la información pública para requerir información de cómo este plan de vigilancia masiva pretende ser implementado y les afecta. Para ello les compartimos un modelo de solicitud que pueden bajar acá. La solicitud se debe ingresar en el portal de transparencia de la Subsecretaría de Prevención del Delito, de forma que exijamos al gobierno transparentar los detalles de este sistema de vigilancia masiva a todas sus ciudadanas interesadas en proteger el respeto de los derechos humanos que les hizo salir a la calle en 2019: para exigir que la dignidad se haga costumbre.
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