La discusión en Colombia de un proyecto de ley para la protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes es otro capítulo de intentos desmedidos por proteger derechos amenazando internet.
El proyecto de ley 600 de 2021 fue presentado por el Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones y aprobado en primer debate en comisión de la Cámara de Representantes de Colombia. Declara tener por objeto la regulación de las responsabilidades especiales de los medios de comunicación frente a los derechos de la niñez, la infancia y la adolescencia. Como se ha reiterado en varias ocasiones, se trata de una deuda del Estado colombiano con la implementación de una orden de su Corte Constitucional.
El PL 600 propone la adopción de mecanismos destinados a prevenir la producción y difusión de contenidos que atenten contra los derechos de NNA, tanto en medios de comunicación masiva como en internet. Establece un conjunto de obligaciones para los medios, además de un régimen sancionatorio aplicable en caso de materializarse un presunto comportamiento reprochable respecto de cualquiera de las medidas incorporadas al ordenamiento a través del referido proyecto de ley.
Aunque en principio el objetivo sea loable, es necesario hacer un acercamiento al contenido de tal normativa, con el fin de evaluar si en el afán de alcanzar el objetivo declarado no se están poniendo en riesgo derechos fundamentales de terceros, que ya han sido advertidos.
El contenido preocupante del PL 600
En el capítulo IV el proyecto crearía una comisión de expertos, compuesta por personas de distinta índole y pericias, entre cuyas funciones está la de proponer “iniciativas técnicas y administrativas sobre sistemas o mecanismos de detección, control parental, filtro y clasificación de contenidos”. Para ello, se elaborará un catálogo de contenidos “que pueden atentar contra la integridad psíquica, física de la niñez o adolescencia o derechos preestablecidos en la Constitución y ley, mediante el acceso, uso y aprovechamiento del internet” (Art. 13).
A los proveedores de servicios de internet (PSI), pobremente definidos en la ley para cubrir desde conexión hasta plataformas en línea, les aplican las disposiciones referentes a “Deberes” y “Medidas Técnicas” que deben cumplir, que incluyen el bloqueo y filtrado de contenidos (Art. 15.4 y 16.2) bajo la amenaza de incurrir en infracciones y recibir las sanciones descritas en el Capítulo V. Esta disposición traslada a los PSI la responsabilidad por el contenido de terceros que sea considerado infractor, lo que a la larga constituye una forma de censura previa.
Todas estas disposiciones resultan problemáticas ya que chocan con el derecho a la libertad de expresión, pues dichos artículos limitan contenidos sin estar en armonía con las condiciones establecidas en la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos. Atentan a la vez con el principio de neutralidad de la red, por pretender la imposición de barreras a la libre circulación de expresiones en línea; afectan también a la garantía del debido proceso, por establecer una medida restrictiva de derechos fundamentales, como es el bloqueo de contenido, sin proceso previo ni orden judicial.
Nuevos riesgos para la libertad de expresión en línea
Tal como miembros de la academia, el sector privado y la sociedad civil han hecho ver en reuniones cerradas y audiencias públicas frente al Ministerio TIC y el Congreso de Colombia, un derecho especialmente afectado es la libertad de expresión, en los términos del Art. 20 de la Constitución de Colombia y el Art. 13 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, incluyendo a la libertad de buscar, recibir y difundir informaciones e ideas de toda índole. Como sabemos, no es un derecho absoluto y está sujeto a limitaciones.
La jurisprudencia interamericana desarrolló un test para fijar ese marco de limitaciones legítimas, que deben cumplirse todas: 1) haber sido definida en forma precisa y clara a través de una ley formal y material; 2) estar orientada al logro de objetivos imperiosos autorizados por la Convención; y 3) debe ser necesaria en una sociedad democrática para el logro de los fines imperiosos que se buscan; estrictamente proporcionada a la finalidad perseguida.
Dentro de ese marco, aquellas disposiciones del PL 600 que establecen bloqueos y filtro de contenidos representan la implementación de mecanismos de censura previa, prohibido por la Convención Americana, en tanto constituyen medidas de control preventivo y no responsabilidades posteriores a quienes abusen de ese derecho. Además, se trata un mecanismo amplio, no restringido a las hipótesis de limitaciones legítimas, como cuando se trata de contenidos abiertamente ilícitos y aquellos discursos que no están resguardados bajo la protección del derecho a la libertad de expresión, como la propaganda de la guerra y la apología del odio, la incitación directa y pública al genocidio, y el contenido de explotación sexual a NNA.
Incluso si el PL 600 estableciera solo responsabilidades ulteriores, habría que analizar si las limitaciones a este derecho cumplen con el test mencionado. En este caso, pueden señalarse dos puntos que resultan problemáticos para cumplir con el primer requisito. Por un lado, las causas para limitar contenidos que se encuentran en forma de catálogo, son ambiguas y podrían permitir una interpretación arbitraria de la autoridad, incumpliendo el paso de legalidad estricta del test (Art. 13 del PL 600). Por otro lado, está sujeto a sanciones que, además de afectar a intermediarios de comunicaciones, condiciona su acción y traslada a ellos responsabilidad por el ejercicio de la censura.
Sobre el cumplimiento del requisito de necesidad dentro del test tripartito, no puede asegurarse que las disposiciones del PL 600 tengan por fin cualquiera de los objetivos enumerados que ha desarrollado la jurisprudencia interamericana. Tampoco puede señalarse que las disposiciones que pretenden bloquear o filtrar contenidos contra la integridad psíquica, física de NNA o sus derechos preestablecidos en la Constitución y ley, sean necesarios, idóneos y proporcionales, ni siquiera para ese fin.
¿Qué va a pasar con el PL 600?
La iniciativa parece estar interrumpida debido al escándalo por irregularidades contractuales que hoy envuelve al Ministerio TIC, lo que resta su peso en impulsar proyectos como el PL 600.
Esperamos que el debate sobre la conveniencia de proyectos de ley que apunten a la protección de los derechos de NNA continúe y se profundice, no sólo en Colombia sino a nivel regional. La finalidad es obtener mejores insumos que permitan una normativa respetuosa de los derechos fundamentales, sin buscar soluciones en la restricción de la circulación de contenidos en internet.
Este caso un comienzo de una conversación que nos desafía para el genuino resguardo de todos los derechos de las nuevas generaciones de internautas.
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