Diversos actores han señalado que El Salvador se dirige progresivamente a un escenario en el que la separación de poderes y la débil democracia desaparece a pasos agigantados.
En febrero de 2020, cuando el presidente Nayib Bukele irrumpió con militares en el Salón Azul de la Asamblea Legislativa para presionar la aprobación de un millonario préstamo, las señales sobre el carácter autoritario del mandatario no han hecho más que incrementarse.
En este camino, el mandatario desobedeció sentencias de la Sala de lo Constitucional y se aseguró de debilitar progresivamente el Instituto de Acceso a la Información Pública (IAIP) hasta tomarlo por completo y volverlo un ente sin incidencia alguna. Sumado al debilitamiento institucional, hostigó y acosó a periodistas, defensores de derechos humanos y críticos a su gobierno, con complicidad de funcionarios reforzadas por apoyos a través de redes sociales. Estas últimas acciones, que aún continúan, han ocasionado que la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) ordene al Estado la protección de periodistas del periódico digital El Faro y de la abogada Bertha de León, por considerar que la integridad física de los amparados corre peligro.
Finalmente, en mayo de 2021, la Asamblea Legislativa —de mayoría oficialista— en su primera sesión destituyó ilegalmente a los cinco magistrados de la Sala de lo Constitucional y llenó sus vacantes en contra de los procedimientos establecidos por la Constitución. Igual suerte corrió el Fiscal General.
Para completar el golpe al Órgano Judicial iniciado en mayo, la Asamblea Legislativa aprobó el Decreto Legislativo Nro. 144 que jubila a jueces y magistrados de cámara mayores de 60 años o con 30 años de servicio que representan un tercio de los jueces del país. La decisión fue realizada sin tener competencia de acuerdo a la Constitución, lo que ha sido interpretado como un pretexto para dar a la Corte Suprema de Justicia —hoy tomada por el oficialismo— mayor margen de maniobra para remover jueces y sustituirlos con juzgadores afines.
Paralelo a la remoción de jueces, la Sala de lo Constitucional impuesta por el oficialismo emitió una resolución que autoriza al presidente Bukele a ser relecto en su cargo, a pesar de la prohibición que la misma Constitución establece.
La marcha del 15 de septiembre y la libertad de expresión
En este contexto de eliminación del sistema de pesos y contrapesos, más el descontento generado por la aprobación inconsulta de la ley que obliga al uso del Bitcoin como moneda de curso legal, el actual gobierno enfrentó la primera marcha multitudinaria en su contra, realizada por la sociedad civil el pasado 15 de septiembre.
En el marco de esta protesta, el hashtag #El15marchamos fue posicionado para acompañar los reclamos en el ámbito digital. Paralelamente, algunos usuarios organizaron spaces en Twitter para informar e intercambiar opiniones sobre estos temas relevantes.
En días posteriores a la realización de la marcha, usuarios de Twitter denunciaron la “desaparición” fulminante del #El15marchamos que, hasta unas horas antes y por varios días, había estado como tendencia en la red social. Al mismo tiempo, algunos organizadores de spaces denunciaron que estas sesiones terminaban abruptamente, sin haber sido notificados de las razones por las cuales esto sucedía.
La hipótesis para explicar estos hechos fue que tanto el hashtag como las cuentas organizadoras de los spaces estaban siendo denunciadas por cuentas afines al oficialismo. Dicha hipótesis se alimenta por la confesión del Ministro de Seguridad acerca de la realización de ciber-patrullaje, bajo la excusa del combate a las pandillas, así como por la detención ilegal efectuada por la Policía Nacional Civil contra Mario Gómez, una de las voces más críticas sobre la implementación del Bitcoin en el país.
Si esta hipótesis se confirma, correspondería en un futuro analizar el proceder de Twitter en la aplicación de sus políticas de moderación de contenidos, a la luz de los estándares de protección de derechos humanos, particularmente respecto al derecho a la libertad de expresión.
A pesar de que el objetivo de esta columna no es corroborar tal hipótesis y, en consecuencia, tampoco lo es ahondar en un análisis sobre el apego a los estándares de derechos humanos, si podemos señalar algunas interrogantes que saltan a primera vista. Valdría la pena preguntarnos: ¿la exclusión de contenidos en Twitter se realiza de manera automatizada?, ¿por qué los spaces son cerrados abruptamente sin explicar al usuario la razón por la que se cierra?, ¿la simple denuncia masiva podría inhabilitar un space o hacer desaparecer un hashtag?, ¿por qué desaparecería con facilidad un hashtag que está ligado directamente con la expresión del descontento con el gobierno que la ciudadanía?
En este caso particular resulta cuestionable afirmar que los spaces y #El15marchamos hayan infringido alguna de las reglas comunitarias de Twitter. En sí ninguna de las expresiones puede ser acusada de circular mensajes de odio, fomentar el terrorismo, o de ejercer violencia u acoso. Si alguna cuenta utilizó el hashtag o participó en algún space contrariando las reglas de la plataforma, deberían ser eliminadas únicamente esas interacciones. De lo contrario, se inhabilita parte de la expresión ciudadana en el marco de un reclamo legítimo a sus gobernantes.
Aunque aún no se ha llegado a medidas extremas como el bloqueo de internet en el país, si la hipótesis se confirma, es pertinente señalar la preocupación respecto a que Twitter inhabilite espacios de discusión política en un momento en el cual debería reforzar su protección. En particular, considerando que afortunadamente la marcha del 15 de septiembre se realizó sin ninguna represión por parte de los cuerpos de seguridad, aunque esto puede cambiar, tal como lo advirtió el presidente Bukele en cadena nacional.
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